InfoPoland (12994 bytes)
Poland:
A Country Study
Library of Congress







In 1992 the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress generated Poland: A Country Study. A major component of that study, Chapter I: The Historical Setting, a 56 part History of Poland through 1989, is reproduced here consolidated into six sections.



Poland: The Historical Setting

THE POLES POSSESS one of the richest and most venerable historical traditions of all European peoples. Convention fixes the origins of Poland as a nation near the middle of the tenth century, contemporaneous with the Carolingians, Vikings, and Saracens, and a full hundred years before the Norman conquest of Britain in 1066. Throughout the subsequent centuries, the Poles managed despite great obstacles to build and maintain an unbroken cultural heritage. The same cannot be said of Polish statehood, which was notoriously precarious and episodic. Periods of independence and prosperity alternated with phases of foreign domination and disaster. Especially in more recent centuries, frequent adversity subjected the Poles to hardships scarcely equaled in European history.

Many foreign observers perceive Poland as a perennial victim of history, whose survival through perseverance and a dogged sense of national identity has left a mixed legacy of indomitable courage and intolerance toward outsiders. To Poles, their history includes brighter recollections of Poland as a highly cultured kingdom, uniquely indulgent of ethnic and religious diversity and precociously supportive of human liberty and the fundamental values of Western civilization. The contrast between these images reflects the extremes of fortune experienced by Poland. The two visions of history combine in uneasy coexistence in the Polish consciousness. One striking feature of Polish culture is its fascination with the national past; the unusual variety and intensity of that past defy tidy conclusions and produce energetic debate among Poles themselves on the meaning of their history.

1. EARLY HISTORY UNTIL 1385
2. THE JAGIELLON ERA, 1385-1572 - 1,450 words
3. THE NOBLE REPUBLIC, 1572-1795 - 2,140 words
4. PARTITIONED POLAND - 2,230 words
5. INDEPENDENCE WON AND LOST, 1914-45 - 3,380 words
6. THE POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC - 4,255 words

Also available as a single document (less maps) - 15,125 words

 

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